In this paper we consider the control of the motion of a dynamically asymmetric unbalanced ball (Chaplygin top) by means of two perpendicular rotors. We propose a mechanism for control by periodically changing the gyrostatic momentum of the system, which leads to an unbounded speedup. We then formulate a general hypothesis of the mechanism for speeding up spherical bodies on a plane by periodically changing the system parameters.

For a Chaplygin sleigh moving in the presence of weak friction, we present and investigate two mechanisms of arising acceleration due to oscillations of an internal mass. In certain parameter regions, the mechanism induced by small oscillations determines acceleration which is on average one-directional. The role of friction is that the velocity reached in the process of the acceleration is stabilized at a certain level. The second mechanism is due to the effect of the developing oscillatory parametric instability in the motion of the sleigh. It occurs when the internal oscillating particle is comparable in mass with the main platform and the oscillations are of a sufficiently large amplitude. In the nonholonomic model the magnitude of the parametric oscillations and the level of mean energy achieved by the system turn out to be bounded if the line of the oscillations of the moving particle is displaced from the center of mass; the observed sustained motion is in many cases associated with a chaotic attractor. Then, the motion of the sleigh appears to be similar to the process of two-dimensional random walk on the plane.

The paper is concerned with the problem of stabilizing a spherical robot of combined type during its motion. The focus is on the application of feedback for stabilization of the robot which is an example of an underactuated system. The robot is set in motion by an inter- nal wheeled platform with a rotor placed inside the sphere. The results of experimental investigations for a prototype of the spherical robot are presented.

We consider the two-body problem on surfaces of constant nonzero curvature and classify the relative equilibria and their stability. On the hyperbolic plane, for each $q>0$ we show there are two relative equilibria where the masses are separated by a distance $q$. One of these is geometrically of elliptic type and the other of hyperbolic type. The hyperbolic ones are always unstable, while the elliptic ones are stable when sufficiently close, but unstable when far apart. On the sphere of positive curvature, if the masses are different, there is a unique relative equilibrium (RE) for every angular separation except $\pi/2$. When the angle is acute, the RE is elliptic, and when it is obtuse the RE can be either elliptic or linearly unstable. We show using a KAM argument that the acute ones are almost always nonlinearly stable. If the masses are equal, there are two families of relative equilibria: one where the masses are at equal angles with the axis of rotation (‘isosceles RE’) and the other when the two masses subtend a right angle at the centre of the sphere. The isosceles RE are elliptic if the angle subtended by the particles is acute and is unstable if it is obtuse. At $\pi/2$, the two families meet and a pitchfork bifurcation takes place. Right-angled RE are elliptic away from the bifurcation point. In each of the two geometric settings, we use a global reduction to eliminate the group of symmetries and analyse the resulting reduced equations which live on a five-dimensional phase space and possess one Casimir function.

This paper addresses the problem of a rigid body moving on a plane (a platform) whose motion is initiated by oscillations of a point mass relative to the body in the presence of the viscous friction force applied at a fixed point of the platform and having in one direction a small (or even zero) value and a large value in the transverse direction. This problem is analogous to that of a Chaplygin sleigh when the nonholonomic constraint prohibiting motions of the fixed point on the platform across the direction prescribed on it is replaced by viscous friction. We present numerical results which confirm correspondence between the phenomenology of complex dynamics of the model with a nonholonomic constraint and a system with viscous friction — phase portraits of attractors, bifurcation diagram, and Lyapunov exponents. In particular, we show the possibility of the platform’s motion being accelerated by oscillations of the internal mass, although, in contrast to the nonholonomic model, the effect of acceleration tends to saturation. We also show the possibility of chaotic dynamics related to strange attractors of equations for generalized velocities, which is accompanied by a two-dimensional random walk of the platform in a laboratory reference system. The results obtained may be of interest to applications in the context of the problem of developing robotic mechanisms for motion in a fluid under the action of the motions of internal masses.

This paper addresses the problem of the self-propulsion of a smooth body in a fluid by periodic oscillations of the internal rotor and circulation. In the case of zero dissipation and constant circulation, it is shown using methods of KAM theory that the kinetic energy of the system is a bounded function of time. In the case of constant nonzero circulation, the trajectories of the center of mass of the system lie in a bounded region of the plane. The method of expansion by a small parameter is used to approximately construct a solution corresponding to directed motion of a circular foil in the presence of dissipation and variable circulation. Analysis of this approximate solution has shown that a speed-up is possible in the system in the presence of variable circulation and in the absence of resistance to translational motion. It is shown that, in the case of an elliptic foil, directed motion is also possible. To explore the dynamics of the system in the general case, bifurcation diagrams, a chart of dynamical regimes and a chart of the largest Lyapunov exponent are plotted. It is shown that the transition to chaos occurs through a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations.

In this paper we consider the problem of the motion of the Roller Racer.We assume that the angle $\varphi (t)$ between the platforms is a prescribed function of time. We prove that in this case the acceleration of the Roller Racer is unbounded. In this case, as the Roller Racer accelerates, the increase in the constraint reaction forces is also unbounded. Physically this means that, from a certain instant onward, the conditions of the rolling motion of the wheels without slipping are violated. Thus, we consider a model in which, in addition to the nonholonomic constraints, viscous friction force acts at the points of contact of the wheels. For this case we prove that there is no constant acceleration and all trajectories of the reduced system asymptotically tend to a periodic solution.

This paper addresses the problem of an inhomogeneous disk rolling on a horizontal plane. This problem is considered within the framework of a nonholonomic model in which there is no slipping and no spinning at the point of contact (the projection of the angular velocity of the disk onto the normal to the plane is zero). The configuration space of the system of interest contains singular submanifolds which correspond to the fall of the disk and in which the equations of motion have a singularity. Using the theory of normal hyperbolic manifolds, it is proved that the measure of trajectories leading to the fall of the disk is zero.

This paper is concerned with the problem of three vortices on a sphere $S^2$ and the Lobachevsky plane $L^2$. After reduction, the problem reduces in both cases to investigating a Hamiltonian system with a degenerate quadratic Poisson bracket, which makes it possible to study it using the methods of Poisson geometry. This paper presents a topological classification of types of symplectic leaves depending on the values of Casimir functions and system parameters.

This paper addresses the problem of self-propulsion of a smooth profile in a medium with viscous dissipation and circulation by means of parametric excitation generated by oscillations of the moving internal mass. For the case of zero dissipation, using methods of KAM theory, it is shown that the kinetic energy of the system is a bounded function of time, and in the case of nonzero circulation the trajectories of the profile lie in a bounded region of the space. In the general case, using charts of dynamical regimes and charts of Lyapunov exponents, it is shown that the system can exhibit limit cycles (in particular, multistability), quasi-periodic regimes (attracting tori) and strange attractors. One-parameter bifurcation diagrams are constructed, and Neimark – Sacker bifurcations and period-doubling bifurcations are found. To analyze the efficiency of displacement of the profile depending on the circulation and parameters defining the motion of the internal mass, charts of values of displacement for a fixed number of periods are plotted. A hypothesis is formulated that, when nonzero circulation arises, the trajectories of the profile are compact. Using computer calculations, it is shown that in the case of anisotropic dissipation an unbounded growth of the kinetic energy of the system (Fermi-like acceleration) is possible.

In this paper, equations of motion for the problem of a ball rolling without slipping on a rotating hyperbolic paraboloid are obtained. Integrals of motions and an invariant measure are found. A detailed linear stability analysis of the ball’s rotations at the saddle point of the hyperbolic paraboloid is made. A three-dimensional Poincar´e map generated by the phase flow of the problem is numerically investigated and the existence of a region of bounded trajectories in a neighborhood of the saddle point of the paraboloid is demonstrated. It is shown that a similar problem of a ball rolling on a rotating paraboloid, considered within the framework of the rubber model, can be reduced to a Hamiltonian system which includes the Brower problem as a particular case.

In this work we investigate the motion of a homogeneous ball rolling without slipping on uniformly rotating horizontal and inclined planes under the action of a constant external force supplemented with the moment of rolling friction, which depends linearly on the angular velocity of the ball. We systematise well-known results and supplement them with the stability analysis of partial solutions of the system. We also perform an experimental investigation whose results support the adequacy of the rolling friction model used. Comparison of numerical and experimental results has shown a good qualitative agreement.

This paper addresses the problem of the Chaplygin ball rolling on a horizontal plane which rotates with constant angular velocity. In this case, the equations of motion admit area integrals, an integral of squared angular momentum and the Jacobi integral, which is a generalization of the energy integral, and possess an invariant measure. After reduction the problem reduces to investigating a three-dimensional Poincaré map that preserves phase volume (with density defined by the invariant measure). We show that in the general case the system’s dynamics is chaotic.

In this paper, we show that the trajectories of a dynamical system with nonholonomic constraints can satisfy Hamilton’s principle. As the simplest illustration, we consider the problem of a homogeneous ball rolling without slipping on a plane. However, Hamilton’s principle is formulated either for a reduced system or for a system defined in an extended phase space. It is shown that the dynamics of a nonholonomic homogeneous ball can be embedded in a higher-dimensional Hamiltonian phase flow. We give two examples of such an embedding: embedding in the phase flow of a free system and embedding in the phase flow of the corresponding vakonomic system.

This paper presents results of theoretical and experi- mental research explaining the retrograde final-stage rolling of a disk under certain relations between its mass and geometric parameters. Modifying the no-slip model of a rolling disk by including viscous rolling friction provides a qualitative explana- tion for the disk's retrograde motion. At the same time, the simple experiments described in the paper completely reject the aerodynamical drag torque as a key reason for the retro- grade motion of a disk considered, thus disproving some recent hypotheses.

The motion of a body shaped as a triaxial ellipsoid and controlled by the rotation of three internal rotors is studied. It is proved that the motion is controllable with the exception of a few particular cases. Partial solutions whose combinations enable an unbounded motion in any arbitrary direction are constructed.

This is a survey of the main forms of equations of dynamical systems with non-integrable constraints, divided into two large groups. The first group contains systems arising in vakonomic mechanics and optimal control theory, with the equations of motion obtained from the variational principle, and the second contains systems in classical non-holonomic mechanics, when the constraints are ideal and therefore the D’Alembert–Lagrange principle holds.

This paper is concerned with the Chaplygin sleigh with time-varying mass distribution (parametric excitation). The focus is on the case where excitation is induced by a material point that executes periodic oscillations in a direction transverse to the plane of the knife edge of the sleigh. In this case, the problem reduces to investigating a reduced system of two first-order equations with periodic coefficients, which is similar to various nonlinear parametric oscillators. Depending on the parameters in the reduced system, one can observe different types of motion, including those accompanied by strange attractors leading to a chaotic (diffusion) trajectory of the sleigh on the plane. The problem of unbounded acceleration (an analog of Fermi acceleration) of the sleigh is examined in detail. It is shown that such an acceleration arises due to the position of the moving point relative to the line of action of the nonholonomic constraint and the center of mass of the platform. Various special cases of existence of tensor invariants are found.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a system that is a generalization of the Chaplygin sleigh to the case of an inhomogeneous nonholonomic constraint. We perform an explicit integration and a sufficiently complete qualitative analysis of the dynamics.

This paper is concerned with the Hess case in the Euler–Poisson equations and with its generalization on the pencil of Poisson brackets. It is shown that in this case the problem reduces to investigating the vector field on a torus and that the graph showing the dependence of the rotation number on parameters has horizontal segments (limit cycles) only for integer values of the rotation number. In addition, an example of a Hamiltonian system is given which possesses an invariant submanifold (similar to the Hess case), but on which the dependence of the rotation number on parameters is a Cantor ladder.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a system that is a generalization of the Chaplygin sleigh to the case of an inhomogeneous nonholonomic constraint. We perform an explicit integration and a sufficiently complete qualitative analysis of the dynamics.

This paper is concerned with the Hess case in the Euler –Poisson equations and with its generalization on the pencil of Poisson brackets. It is shown that in this case the problem reduces to investigating the vector field on a torus and that the graph showing the dependence of the rotation number on parameters has horizontal segments (limit cycles) only for integer values of the rotation number. In addition, an example of a Hamiltonian system is given which possesses an invariant submanifold (similar to the Hess case), but on which the dependence of the rotation number on parameters is a Cantor ladder.

This paper is concerned with the rolling motion of a dynamically asymmetric unbalanced ball (Chaplygin top) in a gravitational field on a plane under the assumption that there is no slipping and spinning at the point of contact. We give a description of strange attractors existing in the system and discuss in detail the scenario of how one of them arises via a sequence of perioddoubling bifurcations. In addition, we analyze the dynamics of the system in absolute space and show that in the presence of strange attractors in the system the behavior of the point of contact considerably depends on the characteristics of the attractor and can be both chaotic and nearly quasi-periodic.

This paper is concerned with two systems from sub-Riemannian geometry. One of them is defined by a Carnot group with three generatrices and growth vector (3, 6, 14), the other is defined by two generatrices and growth vector (2, 3, 5, 8). Using a Poincaré map, the nonintegrability of the above systems in the general case is shown. In addition, particular cases are presented in which there exist additional first integrals.

We consider the movement of Chaplygin sleigh on a plane that is a solid body with imposed nonholonomic constraint, which excludes the possibility of motions transversal to the constraint element (“knife-edge”), and complement the model with an attached mass, periodically oscillating relatively to the main platform of the sleigh. Numerical simulations indicate the occurrence of either unrestricted acceleration of the sleigh, or motions with bounded velocities and momenta, depending on parameters. We note the presence of phenomena characteristic to nonholonomic systems with complex dynamics; in particular, attractors occur responsible for chaotic motions. In addition, quasiperiodic regimes take place similar to those observed in conservative nonlinear dynamics.

This paper provides a detailed description of various reduction schemes in rigid body dynamics. The analysis of one of such nontrivial reductions makes it possible to put the cases already found in order and to obtain new generalizations of the Kovalevskaya case to $e(3)$. Note that the indicated reduction allows one to obtain in a natural way some singular additive terms that were proposed earlier by D.N. Goryachev.

This paper is concerned with the nonholonomic Suslov problem and its generalization proposed by Chaplygin. The issue of the existence of an invariant measure with singular density (having singularities at some points of phase space) is discussed.

We consider an integrable Hamiltonian system describing the motion of a circular cylinder and a vortex filament in an ideal fluid. We construct bifurcation diagrams and bifurcation complexes for the case in which the integral manifold is compact and for various topological structures of the symplectic leaf. The types of motions corresponding to the bifurcation curves and their stability are discussed.

From analysis of time series obtained on the numerical solution of a plane problem on the motion of a body with an elliptic cross section under the action of gravity force in an incompressible viscous fluid, a system of ordinary differential equations approximately describing the dynamics of the body is reconstructed. To this end, coefficients responsible for the added mass, the force caused by the circulation of the velocity field, and the resisting force are found by the least square adjustment. The agreement between the finitedimensional description and the simulation on the basis of the Navier–Stokes equations is illustrated by images of attractors in regular and chaotic modes. The coefficients found make it possible to estimate the actual contribution of different effects to the dynamics of the body.

For a Chaplygin sleigh on a plane, which is a paradigmatic system of nonholonomic mechanics, we consider dynamics driven by periodic pulses of supplied torque depending on the instant spatial orientation of the sleigh. Additionally, we assume that a weak viscous force and moment affect the sleigh in time intervals between the pulses to provide sustained modes of the motion associated with attractors in the reduced three-dimensional phase space (velocity, angular velocity, rotation angle). The developed discrete version of the problem of the Chaplygin sleigh is an analog of the classical Chirikov map appropriate for the nonholonomic situation. We demonstrate numerically, discuss and classify dynamical regimes depending on the parameters, including regular motions and diffusive-like random walks associated, respectively, with regular and chaotic attractors in the reduced momentum dynamical equations.

This paper is concerned with the rolling motion of a dynamically asymmetric unbalanced ball (Chaplygin top) in a gravitational field on a plane under the assumption that there is no slipping and spinning at the point of contact. We give a description of strange attractors existing in the system and discuss in detail the scenario of how one of them arises via a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations. In addition, we analyze the dynamics of the system in absolute space and show that in the presence of strange attractors in the system the behavior of the point of contact considerably depends on the characteristics of the attractor and can be both chaotic and nearly quasi-periodic.

This paper presents a numerical study of the chaotic dynamics of a dynamically asymmetric unbalanced ball (Chaplygin top) rolling on a plane. It is well known that the dynamics of such a system reduces to the investigation of a three-dimensional map, which in the general case has no smooth invariant measure. It is shown that homoclinic strange attractors of discrete spiral type (discrete Shilnikov type attractors) arise in this model for certain parameters. From the viewpoint of physical motions, the trace of the contact point of a Chaplygin top on a plane is studied for the case where the phase trajectory sweeps out a discrete spiral attractor. Using the analysis of the trajectory of this trace, a conclusion is drawn about the influence of “strangeness” of the attractor on the motion pattern of the top.

This paper is concerned with two systems from sub-Riemannian geometry. One of them is defined by a Carnot group with three generatrices and growth vector $(3, 6, 14)$, the other is defined by two generatrices and growth vector $(2, 3, 5, 8)$. Using a Poincaré map, the nonintegrability of the above systems in the general case is shown. In addition, particular cases are presented in which there exist additional first integrals.

In this paper, we consider in detail the 2-body problem in spaces of constant positive curvature $S^2$ and $S^3$. We perform a reduction (analogous to that in rigid body dynamics) after which the problem reduces to analysis of a two-degree-of-freedom system. In the general case, in canonical variables the Hamiltonian does not correspond to any natural mechanical system. In addition, in the general case, the absence of an analytic additional integral follows from the constructed Poincaré section. We also give a review of the historical development of celestial mechanics in spaces of constant curvature and formulate open problems.

In this historical review we describe in detail the main stages of the development of nonholonomic mechanics starting from the work of Earnshaw and Ferrers to the monograph of Yu.I. Neimark and N.A. Fufaev. In the appendix to this review we discuss the d’Alembert–Lagrange principle in nonholonomic mechanics and permutation relations.

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of vortex sources in a deformation flow. The case of two vortex sources is shown to be integrable by quadratures. In addition, the relative equilibria (of the reduced system) are examined in detail and it is shown that in this case the trajectory of vortex sources is an ellipse.

The onset of adiabatic chaos in rigid body dynamics is considered. A comparison of the analytically calculated diffusion coefficient describing probabilistic effects in the zone of chaos with a numerical experiment is made. An analysis of the splitting of asymptotic surfaces is performed and uncertainty curves are constructed in the Poincaré – Zhukovsky problem. The application of Hamiltonian methods to nonholonomic systems is discussed. New problem statements are given which are related to the destruction of an adiabatic invariant and to the acceleration of the system (Fermi’s acceleration).

This paper is concerned with the motion of the Chaplygin sleigh on the surface of a circular cylinder. In the case of inertial motion, the problem reduces to the study of the dynamical system on a (two-dimensional) torus and to the classification of singular points. Particular cases in which the system admits an invariant measure are found. In the case of a balanced and dynamically symmetric Chaplygin sleigh moving in a gravitational field it is shown that on the average the system has no drift along the vertical.

This paper is concerned with the motion of the Chaplygin sleigh on the surface of a circular cylinder. In the case of inertial motion, the problem reduces to the study of the dynamical system on a (two-dimensional) torus and to the classification of singular points. Particular cases in which the system admits an invariant measure are found. In the case of a balanced and dynamically symmetric Chaplygin sleigh moving in a gravitational field it is shown that on the average the system has no drift along the vertical.

In this historical review we describe in detail the main stages of the development of nonholonomic mechanics starting from the work of Earnshaw and Ferrers to the monograph of Yu.I. Neimark and N.A. Fufaev. In the appendix to this review we discuss the d’Alembert–Lagrange principle in nonholonomic mechanics and permutation relations.

In this paper, we present some results on chaotic dynamics in the Suslov problem which describe the motion of a heavy rigid body with a fixed point, subject to a nonholonomic constraint, which is expressed by the condition that the projection of angular velocity onto the body-fixed axis is equal to zero. Depending on the system parameters, we find cases of regular (in particular, integrable) behavior and detect various attracting sets (including strange attractors) that are typical of dissipative systems.We construct a chart of regimes with regions characterizing chaotic and regular regimes depending on the degree of conservativeness. We examine in detail the effect of reversal, which was observed previously in the motion of rattlebacks.

In this paper, we develop the results obtained by J.Hadamard and G.Hamel concerning the possibility of substituting nonholonomic constraints into the Lagrangian of the system without changing the form of the equations of motion. We formulate the conditions for correctness of such a substitution for a particular case of nonholonomic systems in the simplest and universal form. These conditions are presented in terms of both generalized velocities and quasi-velocities. We also discuss the derivation and reduction of the equations of motion of an arbitrary wheeled vehicle. In particular, we prove the equivalence (up to additional quadratures) of problems of an arbitrary wheeled vehicle and an analogous vehicle whose wheels have been replaced with skates. As examples, we consider the problems of a one-wheeled vehicle and a wheeled vehicle with two rotating wheel pairs.

In this paper, using the Hojman construction, we give examples of various Poisson brackets which differ from those which are usually analyzed in Hamiltonian mechanics. They possess a nonmaximal rank, and in the general case an invariant measure and Casimir functions can be globally absent for them.

In this paper, we focus on the study of two-dimensional plate dynamics on the Lobachevskii plane $L^2$. First of all, we consider the free motion of such a plate, which is a pseudospherical analog of dynamics of the Euler top, and also present an analog of the Euler–Poisson equations enabling us to study the motion of the body in potential force fields having rotational symmetry. We present a series of integrable cases, having analogs in Euclidean space, for different fields. Moreover, in the paper, a partial qualitative analysis of the dynamics of free motion of a plate under arbitrary initial conditions is made and a number of computer illustrations are presented which show a substantial difference of the motion from the case of Euclidean space. The study undertaken in the present paper leads to interesting physical onsequences, which enable us to detect the influence of curvature on the body dynamics.

This paper is concerned with the problem of a rigid body (tripod) moving with three points in contact with a horizontal plane under the action of dry friction forces. It is shown that the regime of asymptotic motion (final dy- namics) of the tripod can be pure rotation, pure sliding, or sliding and rotation can cease simultaneously, which is determined by the position of the tripod’s supports relative to the radius of inertia. In addition, the dependence of the trajectory of the center of mass on the system parameters is investigated. A comparison is made with the well-known theoretical and experimental studies on the motion of bodies with a flat base

A new integrable problem of nonholonomic mechanics is considered and its mechanical realization is proposed. This problem is a generalization of the well-known problem of А. P. Veselov and L. E. Veselova concerning the rolling motion of the Chaplygin ball in a straight line. Particular cases are found in which integration can be reduced to explicit quadratures.

This is a reply to the comment by V.F. Zhuravlev (see Usp. Fiz. Nauk 185 1337 (2015) [Phys. Usp. 58 (12) (2015)]) on the inadequacy of the nonholonomic model when applied to the rolling of rigid bodies. The model of nonholonomic mechanics is discussed. Using recent results as examples, it is shown that the validity and potential of the nonholonomic model are not inferior to those of other dynamics and friction models.

This paper is concerned with the figures of equilibrium of a self-gravitating ideal fluid with a stratified density and a steady-state velocity field. As in the classical formulation of the problem, it is assumed that the figures, or their layers, uniformly rotate about an axis fixed in space. It is shown that the ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) with confocal stratification, in which each layer rotates with a constant angular velocity, is at equilibrium. Expressions are obtained for the gravitational potential, change in the angular velocity and pressure, and the conclusion is drawn that the angular velocity on the outer surface is the same as that of the corresponding Maclaurin spheroid. We note that the solution found generalizes a previously known solution for piecewise constant density distribution. For comparison, we also present a solution, due to Chaplygin, for a homothetic density stratification. We conclude by considering a homogeneous spheroid in the space of constant positive curvature. We show that in this case the spheroid cannot rotate as a rigid body, since the angular velocity distribution of fluid particles depends on the distance to the symmetry axis.

This paper is an experimental investigation of a round uniform disk rolling on a horizontal surface. Two methods for experimentally determining the loss of contact of the rolling disk from the horizontal surface before its stop are proposed. Results of experiments for disks having different masses and manufactured from different materials are presented. Causes of “microlosses of contact” detected in the processes of motion are discussed.

This paper is concerned with the problem of the motion of a wheeled vehicle on a plane in the case where one of the wheel pairs is fixed. In addition, the motion of a wheeled vehicle on a plane in the case of two free wheel pairs is considered. A method for obtaining equations of motion for the vehicle with an arbitrary geometry is presented. Possible kinds of motion of the vehicle with a fixed wheel pair are determined.

In this paper, we develop the results obtained by J.Hadamard and G.Hamel concerning the possibility of substituting nonholonomic constraints into the Lagrangian of the system without changing the form of the equations of motion. We formulate the conditions for correctness of such a substitution for a particular case of nonholonomic systems in the simplest and universal form. These conditions are presented in terms of both generalized velocities and quasi-velocities. We also discuss the derivation and reduction of the equations of motion of an arbitrary wheeled vehicle. In particular, we prove the equivalence (up to additional quadratures) of problems of an arbitrary wheeled vehicle and an analogous vehicle whose wheels have been replaced with skates. As examples, we consider the problems of a one-wheeled vehicle and a wheeled vehicle with two rotating wheel pairs.

In this paper, we present some results on chaotic dynamics in the Suslov problem which describe the motion of a heavy rigid body with a fixed point, subject to a nonholonomic constraint, which is expressed by the condition that the projection of angular velocity onto the body-fixed axis is equal to zero. Depending on the system parameters, we find cases of regular (in particular, integrable) behavior and detect various attracting sets (including strange attractors) that are typical of dissipative systems. We construct a chart of regimes with regions characterizing chaotic and regular regimes depending on the degree of conservativeness. We examine in detail the effect of reversal, which was observed previously in the motion of rattlebacks.

This paper is a review of the problem of the constructive reduction of nonholonomic systems with symmetries. The connection of reduction with the presence of the simplest tensor invariants (first integrals and symmetry fields) is shown. All theoretical constructions are illustrated by examples encountered in applications. In addition, the paper contains a short historical and critical sketch covering the contribution of various researchers to this problem.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a body with a flat base (cylinder) sliding on a horizontal rough plane. For analysis we use two approaches. In one of the approaches using a friction machine we determine the dependence of friction force on the velocity of motion of cylinders. In the other approach using a high-speed camera for video filming and the method of presentation of trajectories on a phase plane for analysis of results, we investigate the qualitative and quantitative behavior of the motion of cylinders on a horizontal plane. We compare the results obtained with theoretical and experimental results found earlier. In addition, we give a systematic review of the well-known experimental and theoretical results in this area.

In this paper we discuss conditions for the existence of the Jacobi integral (that generalizes energy) in systems with inhomogeneous and nonholonomic constraints. As an example, we consider in detail the problem of motion of the Chaplygin sleigh on a rotating plane and the motion of a dynamically symmetric ball on a uniformly rotating surface. In addition, we discuss illustrative mechanical models based on the motion of a homogeneous ball on a rotating table and on the Beltrami surface.

A nonholonomic model of the dynamics of an omniwheel vehicle on a plane and a sphere is considered. A derivation of equations is presented and the dynamics of a free system are investigated. An explicit motion control algorithm for the omniwheel vehicle moving along an arbitrary trajectory is obtained.

This paper is a review of the problem of the constructive reduction of nonholonomic systems with symmetries. The connection of reduction with the presence of the simplest tensor invariants (first integrals and symmetry fields) is shown. All theoretical constructions are illustrated by examples encountered in applications. In addition, the paper contains a short historical and critical sketch covering the contribution of various researchers to this problem.

This paper develops topological methods for qualitative analysis of the behavior of nonholonomic dynamical systems. Their application is illustrated by considering a new integrable system of nonholonomic mechanics, called a nonholonomic hinge. Although this system is nonholonomic, it can be represented in Hamiltonian form with a Lie –Poisson bracket of rank 2. This Lie – Poisson bracket is used to perform stability analysis of fixed points. In addition, all possible types of integral manifolds are found and a classification of trajectories on them is presented.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a body with a flat base (cylinder) sliding on a horizontal rough plane. For analysis we use two approaches. In one of the approaches using a friction machine we determine the dependence of friction force on the velocity of motion of cylinders. In the other approach using a high-speed camera for video filming and the method of presentation of trajectories on a phase plane for analysis of results, we investigate the qualitative and quantitative behavior of the motion of cylinders on a horizontal plane. We compare the results obtained with theoretical and experimental results found earlier. In addition, we give a systematic review of the well-known experimental and theoretical results in this area.

In this paper we discuss conditions for the existence of the Jacobi integral (that generalizes energy) in systems with inhomogeneous and nonholonomic constraints. As an example, we consider in detail the problem of motion of the Chaplygin sleigh on a rotating plane and the motion of a dynamically symmetric ball on a uniformly rotating surface. In addition, we discuss illustrative mechanical models based on the motion of a homogeneous ball on a rotating table and on the Beltrami surface.

We develop the reducing multiplier theory for a special class of nonholonomic dynamical systems and show that the non-linear Poisson brackets naturally obtained in the framework of this approach are all isomorphic to the Lie–Poisson $e$(3)-bracket. As two model examples, we consider the Chaplygin ball problem on the plane and the Veselova system. In particular, we obtain an integrable gyrostatic generalisation of the Veselova system.

This paper develops topological methods for qualitative analysis of the behavior of nonholonomic dynamical systems. Their application is illustrated by considering a new integrable system of nonholonomic mechanics, called a nonholonomic hinge. Although this system is nonholonomic, it can be represented in Hamiltonian form with a Lie–Poisson bracket of rank two. This Lie–Poisson bracket is used to perform stability analysis of fixed points. In addition, all possible types of integral manifolds are found and a classification of trajectories on them is presented.

In this paper, we develop the method of Chaplygin’s reducing multiplier; using this method, we obtain a conformally Hamiltonian representation for three nonholonomic systems, namely, for the nonholonomic oscillator, for the Heisenberg system, and for the Chaplygin sleigh. Furthermore, in the case of oscillator and nonholonomic Chaplygin sleigh, we show that the problem reduces to the study of motion of a mass point (in a potential field) on a plane and, in the case of Heisenberg system, on the sphere. Moreover, we consider an example of a nonholonomic system (suggested by Blackall) to which one cannot apply the method of reducing multiplier.

For a solid body of convex form moving on a rough horizontal plane that is known as a rattleback, numerical simulations are used to discuss and illustrate dynamical phenomena that are characteristic of the motion due to a nonholonomic nature of the mechanical system; the relevant feature is the nonconservation of the phase volume in the course of the dynamics. In such a system, a local compression of the phase volume can produce behavior features similar to those exhibited by dissipative systems, such as stable equilibrium points corresponding to stationary rotations; limit cycles (rotations with oscillations); and strange attractors. A chart of dynamical regimes is plotted in a plane whose axes are the total mechanical energy and the relative angle between the geometric and dynamic principal axes of the body. The transition to chaos through a sequence of Feigenbaum period doubling bifurcations is demonstrated. A number of strange attractors are considered, for which phase portraits, Lyapunov exponents, and Fourier spectra are presented.

Nonholonomic systems describing the rolling of a rigid body on a plane and their relationship with various Poisson structures are considered. The notion of generalized conformally Hamiltonian representation of dynamical systems is introduced. In contrast to linear Poisson structures defined by Lie algebras and used in rigid-body dynamics, the Poisson structures of nonholonomic systems turn out to be nonlinear. They are also degenerate and the Casimir functions for them can be expressed in terms of complicated transcendental functions or not appear at all.

This is a survey of basic facts presently known about non-linear Poisson structures in the analysis of integrable systems in non-holonomic mechanics. It is shown that by using the theory of Poisson deformations it is possible to reduce various non-holonomic systems to dynamical systems on well-understood phase spaces equipped with linear Lie-Poisson brackets. As a result, not only can different non-holonomic systems be compared, but also fairly advanced methods of Poisson geometry and topology can be used for investigating them.

In this paper we consider the motion of a dynamically asymmetric unbalanced ball on a plane in a gravitational field. The point of contact of the ball with the plane is subject to a nonholonomic constraint which forbids slipping. The motion of the ball is governed by the nonholonomic reversible system of 6 differential equations. In the case of arbitrary displacement of the center of mass of the ball the system under consideration is a nonintegrable system without an invariant measure. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis we show that the unbalanced ball exhibits reversal (the phenomenon of reversal of the direction of rotation) for some parameter values. Moreover, by constructing charts of Lyaponov exponents we find a few types of strange attractors in the system, including the so-called figure-eight attractor which belongs to the genuine strange attractors of pseudohyperbolic type.

In this paper, the integrability of the equations of a system of three vortex sources is shown. A reduced system describing, up to similarity, the evolution of the system’s configurations is obtained. Possible phase portraits and various relative equilibria of the system are presented.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a body with a flat base sliding on a horizontal and inclined rough plane under the assumption of linear pressure distribution of the body on the plane as the simplest dynamically consistent friction model. For analysis we use the descriptive function method similar to the methods used in the problems of Hamiltonian dynamics with one degree of freedom and allowing a qualitative analysis of the system to be made without explicit integration of equations of motion. In addition, we give a systematic review of the well-known experimental and theoretical results in this area.

In this paper we consider superintegrable systems which are an immediate generalization of the Kepler and Hook problems, both in two-dimensional spaces — the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ and the sphere $S^2$ — and in three-dimensional spaces $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $S^3$. Using the central projection and the reduction procedure proposed in [21], we show an interrelation between the superintegrable systems found previously and show new ones. In all cases the superintegrals are presented in explicit form.

In this paper we investigate two systems consisting of a spherical shell rolling without slipping on a plane and a moving rigid body fixed inside the shell by means of two different mechanisms. In the former case the rigid body is attached to the center of the ball on a spherical hinge. We show an isomorphism between the equations of motion for the inner body with those for the ball moving on a smooth plane. In the latter case the rigid body is fixed by means of a nonholonomic hinge. Equations of motion for this system have been obtained and new integrable cases found. A special feature of the set of tensor invariants of this system is that it leads to the Euler–Jacobi–Lie theorem, which is a new integration mechanism in nonholonomic mechanics. We also consider the problem of free motion of a bundle of two bodies connected by means of a nonholonomic hinge. For this system, integrable cases and various tensor invariants are found.

The life and career of the great French mathematician and politician Paul Painlevé is described. His contribution to the analytical theory of nonlinear differential equations was significant. The paper outlines the achievements of Paul Painlevé and his students in the investigation of an interesting class of nonlinear second-order equations and new equations defining a completely new class of special functions, now called the Painlevé transcendents. The contribution of Paul Painlevé to the study of algebraic nonintegrability of the $N$-body problem, his remarkable observations in mechanics, in particular, paradoxes arising in the dynamics of systems with friction, his attempt to create the axiomatics of mechanics and his contribution to gravitation theory are discussed.

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a body with a flat base sliding on a inclined plane under the assumption of linear pressure distribution of the body on the plane as the simplest dynamically consistent friction model. Computer-aided analysis of the system’s dynamics on the inclined plane using phase portraits has allowed us to reveal dynamical effects that have not been found earlier.

We study both analytically and numerically the dynamics of an inhomogeneous ball on a rough horizontal plane under the infuence of gravity. A nonholonomic constraint of zero velocity at the point of contact of the ball with the plane is imposed. In the case of an arbitrary displacement of the center of mass of the ball, the system is nonintegrable without the property of phase volume conservation. We show that at certain parameter values the unbalanced ball exhibits the effect of reversal (the direction of the ball rotation reverses). Charts of dynamical regimes on the parameter plane are presented. The system under consideration exhibits diverse chaotic dynamics, in particular, the figure-eight chaotic attractor, which is a special type of pseudohyperbolic chaos.

This paper discusses new unresolved problems of nonholonomic mechanics. Hypotheses of the possibility of Hamiltonization and the existence of an invariant measure for such systems are advanced.

In this paper, the integrability of the equations of a system of three vortex sources is shown. A reduced system describing, up to similarity, the evolution of the system’s configurations is obtained. Possible phase portraits and various relative equilibria of the system are presented.

This paper is concerned with the figures of equilibrium of a self-gravitating ideal fluid with density stratification and a steady-state velocity field. As in the classical setting, it is assumed that the figure or its layers uniformly rotate about an axis fixed in space. As is well known, when there is no rotation, only a ball can be a figure of equilibrium.

It is shown that the ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) with confocal stratification, in which each layer rotates with inherent constant angular velocity, is at equilibrium. Expressions are obtained for the gravitational potential, change in the angular velocity and pressure, and the conclusion is drawn that the angular velocity on the outer surface is the same as that of the Maclaurin spheroid. We note that the solution found generalizes a previously known solution for piecewise constant density distribution. For comparison, we also present a solution, due to Chaplygin, for a homothetic density stratification.

We conclude by considering a homogeneous spheroid in the space of constant positive curvature. We show that in this case the spheroid cannot rotate as a rigid body, since the angular velocity distribution of fluid particles depends on the distance to the symmetry axis.

We consider the problem of motion of axisymmetric vortex rings in an ideal incompressible and viscous fluid. Using the numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, we confirm the existence of leapfrogging of three equal vortex rings and suggest the possibility of detecting it experimentally. We also confirm the existence of leapfrogging of two vortex rings with opposite-signed vorticities in a viscous fluid.

We investigate the motion of the point of contact (absolute dynamics) in the integrable problem of the Chaplygin ball rolling on a plane. Although the velocity of the point of contact is a given vector function of variables of the reduced system, it is impossible to apply standard methods of the theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems due to the absence of an appropriate conformally Hamiltonian representation for an unreduced system. For a complete analysis we apply the standard analytical approach, due to Bohl and Weyl, and develop topological methods of investigation. In this way we obtain conditions for boundedness and unboundedness of the trajectories of the contact point.

We consider the problem of rolling of a ball with an ellipsoidal cavity filled with an ideal fluid, which executes a uniform vortex motion, on an absolutely rough plane. We point out the case of existence of an invariant measure and show that there is a particular case of integrability under conditions of axial symmetry.

A new integrable system describing the rolling of a rigid body with a spherical cavity on a spherical base is considered. Previously the authors found the separation of variables for this system on the zero level set of a linear (in angular velocity) first integral, whereas in the general case it is not possible to separate the variables. In this paper we show that the foliation into invariant tori in this problem is equivalent to the corresponding foliation in the Clebsch integrable system in rigid body dynamics (for which no real separation of variables has been found either). In particular, a fixed point of focus type is possible for this system, which can serve as a topological obstacle to the real separation of variables.

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of systems describing the rolling without slipping and spinning (rubber rolling) of various rigid bodies on a plane and a sphere. It is shown that a hierarchy of possible types of dynamical behavior arises depending on the body’s surface geometry and mass distribution. New integrable cases and cases of existence of an invariant measure are found. In addition, these systems are used to illustrate that the existence of several nontrivial involutions in reversible dissipative systems leads to quasi-Hamiltonian behavior.

In our earlier paper [3] we examined the problem of control of a balanced dynamically nonsymmetric sphere with rotors with no-slip condition at the point of contact. In this paper we investigate the controllability of a ball in the presence of friction. We also study the problem of the existence and stability of singular dissipation-free periodic solutions for a free ball in the presence of friction forces. The issues of constructive realization of the proposed algorithms are discussed.

We consider the problem of motion of axisymmetric vortex rings in an ideal incompressible fluid. Using the topological approach, we present a method for complete qualitative analysis of the dynamics of a system of two vortex rings. In particular, we completely solve the problem of describing the conditions for the onset of leapfrogging motion of vortex rings. In addition, for the system of two vortex rings we find new families of motions where the relative distances remain finite (we call them pseudo-leapfrogging). We also find solutions for the problem of three vortex rings, which describe both the regular and chaotic leapfrogging motion of vortex rings.

We investigate the motion of the point of contact (absolute dynamics) in the integrable problem of the Chaplygin ball rolling on a plane. Although the velocity of the point of contact is a given vector function of variables of a reduced system, it is impossible to apply standard methods of the theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems due to the absence of an appropriate conformally Hamiltonian representation for an unreduced system. For a complete analysis we apply the standard analytical approach, due to Bohl and Weyl, and develop topological methods of investigation. In this way we obtain conditions for boundedness and unboundedness of the trajectories of the contact point.

This paper develops the theory of the reducing multiplier for a special class of nonholonomic dynamical systems, when the resulting nonlinear Poisson structure is reduced to the Lie–Poisson bracket of the algebra $e(3)$. As an illustration, the Chaplygin ball rolling problem and the Veselova system are considered. In addition, an integrable gyrostatic generalization of the Veselova system is obtained.

In this paper we investigate two systems consisting of a spherical shell rolling on a plane without slipping and a moving rigid body fixed inside the shell by means of two different mechanisms. In the former case the rigid body is fixed at the center of the ball on a spherical hinge. We show an isomorphism between the equations of motion for the inner body with those for the ball moving on a smooth plane. In the latter case the rigid body is fixed by means of the nonholonomic hinge. The equations of motion for this system have been obtained and new integrable cases found. A special feature of the set of tensor invariants of this system is that it leads to the Euler–Jacobi–Lie theorem, which is a new integration mechanism in nonholonomic mechanics.

The paper presents experimental investigation of a homogeneous circular disk rolling on a horizontal plane. In this paper two methods of experimental determination of the loss of contact between the rolling disk and the horizontal surface before the abrupt halt are proposed. Experimental results for disks of different masses and different materials are presented. The reasons for “micro losses” of contact with surface revealed during the rolling are discussed.

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of systems describing the rolling without slipping and spinning (rubber rolling) of various rigid bodies on a plane and a sphere. It is shown that a hierarchy of possible types of dynamical behavior arises depending on the body’s surface geometry and mass distribution. New integrable cases and cases of existence of an invariant measure are found. In addition, these systems are used to illustrate that the existence of several nontrivial involutions in reversible dissipative systems leads to quasi-Hamiltonian behavior.

In our earlier paper [2] we examined the problem of control of a balanced dynamically nonsymmetric sphere with rotors with no-slip condition at the point of contact. In this paper we investigate the controllability of a ball in the presence of friction. We also study the problem of the existence and stability of singular dissipation-free periodic solutions for a free ball in the presence of friction forces. The issues of constructive realization of the proposed algorithms are discussed.

In this paper we investigate various kinematic properties of rolling of one rigid body on another both for the classical model of rolling without slipping (the velocities of bodies at the point of contact coincide) and for the model of rubber-rolling (with the additional condition that the spinning of the bodies relative to each other be excluded). Furthermore, in the case where both bodies are bounded by spherical surfaces and one of them is fixed, the equations of motion for a moving ball are represented in the form of the Chaplygin system. When the center of mass of the moving ball coincides with its geometric center, the equations of motion are represented in conformally Hamiltonian form, and in the case where the radii of the moving and fixed spheres coincides, they are written in Hamiltonian form.

In the paper we consider a system of a ball that rolls without slipping on a plane. The ball is assumed to be inhomogeneous and its center of mass does not necessarily coincide with its geometric center. We have proved that the governing equations can be recast into a system of six ODEs that admits four integrals of motion. Thus, the phase space of the system is foliated by invariant 2-tori; moreover, this foliation is equivalent to the Liouville foliation encountered in the case of Euler of the rigid body dynamics. However, the system cannot be solved in terms of quadratures because there is no invariant measure which we proved by finding limit cycles.

We study numerically the dynamics of the rattleback, a rigid body with a convex surface on a rough horizontal plane, in dependence on the parameters, applying methods used earlier for treatment of dissipative dynamical systems, and adapted here for the nonholonomic model. Charts of dynamical regimes on the parameter plane of the total mechanical energy and the angle between the geometric and dynamic principal axes of the rigid body are presented. Characteristic structures in the parameter space, previously observed only for dissipative systems, are revealed. A method for calculating the full spectrum of Lyapunov exponents is developed and implemented. Analysis of the Lyapunov exponents of the nonholonomic model reveals two classes of chaotic regimes. For the model reduced to a 3D map, the first one corresponds to a strange attractor with one positive and two negative Lyapunov exponents, and the second to the chaotic dynamics of quasi-conservative type, when positive and negative Lyapunov exponents are close in magnitude, and the remaining exponent is close to zero. The transition to chaos through a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations relating to the Feigenbaum universality class is illustrated. Several examples of strange attractors are considered in detail. In particular, phase portraits as well as the Lyapunov exponents, the Fourier spectra, and fractal dimensions are presented.

The paper is devoted to the bifurcation analysis and the Conley index in Hamiltonian dynamical systems. We discuss the phenomenon of appearance (disappearance) of equilibrium points under the change of the Morse index of a critical point of a Hamiltonian. As an application of these techniques we find new relative equilibria in the problem of the motion of three point vortices of equal intensity in a circular domain.

In the paper we study the control of a balanced dynamically non-symmetric sphere with rotors. The no-slip condition at the point of contact is assumed. The algebraic controllability is shown and the control inputs that steer the ball along a given trajectory on the plane are found. For some simple trajectories explicit tracking algorithms are proposed.

The paper considers two new integrable systems which go back to Chaplygin. The systems consist of a spherical shell that rolls on a plane; within the shell there is a ball or Lagrange’s gyroscope. All necessary first integrals and an invariant measure are found. The solutions are shown to be expressed in terms of quadratures.

We discuss explicit integration and bifurcation analysis of two non-holonomic problems. One of them is the Chaplygin’s problem on no-slip rolling of a balanced dynamically non-symmetric ball on a horizontal plane. The other, first posed by Yu.N.Fedorov, deals with the motion of a rigid body in a spherical support. For Chaplygin’s problem we consider in detail the transformation that Chaplygin used to integrate the equations when the constant of areas is zero. We revisit Chaplygin’s approach to clarify the geometry of this very important transformation, because in the original paper the transformation looks a cumbersome collection of highly non-transparent analytic manipulations. Understanding its geometry seriously facilitate the extension of the transformation to the case of a rigid body in a spherical support – the problem where almost no progress has been made since Yu.N. Fedorov posed it in 1988. In this paper we show that extending the transformation to the case of a spherical support allows us to integrate the equations of motion explicitly in terms of quadratures, detect mostly remarkable critical trajectories and study their stability, and perform an exhaustive qualitative analysis of motion. Some of the results may find their application in various technical devices and robot design. We also show that adding a gyrostat with constant angular momentum to the spherical-support system does not affect its integrability.

A new integrable system describing the rolling of a rigid body with a spherical cavity over a spherical base is considered. Previously the authors found the separation of variables for this system at the zero level of a linear (in angular velocity) first integral, whereas in the general case it is not possible to separate the variables. In this paper we show that the foliation into invariant tori in this problem is equivalent to the corresponding foliation in the Clebsch integrable system in rigid body dynamics (for which no real separation of variables has been found either). In particular, a fixed point of focus type is possible for this system, which can serve as a topological obstacle to the real separation of variables.

In this paper we investigate various kinematic properties of rolling of one rigid body on another both for the classical model of rolling without slipping (the velocities of bodies at the point of contact coincide) and for the model of rubber-rolling (with the additional condition that the spinning of the bodies relative to each other be excluded). Furthermore, in the case where both bodies are bounded by spherical surfaces and one of them is fixed, the equations of motion for a moving ball are represented in the form of the Chaplygin system. When the center of mass of the moving ball coincides with its geometric center, the equations of motion are represented in conformally Hamiltonian form, and in the case where the radii of the moving and fixed spheres coincides, they are written in Hamiltonian form.

In the paper we consider a system of a ball that rolls without slipping on a plane. The ball is assumed to be inhomogeneous and its center of mass does not necessarily coincide with its geometric center. We have proved that the governing equations can be recast into a system of six ODEs that admits four integrals of motion. Thus, the phase space of the system is foliated by invariant 2-tori; moreover, this foliation is equivalent to the Liouville foliation encountered in the case of Euler of the rigid body dynamics. However, the system cannot be solved in terms of quadratures because there is no invariant measure which we proved by finding limit cycles.

In the paper we study control of a balanced dynamically nonsymmetric sphere with rotors. The no-slip condition at the point of contact is assumed. The algebraic contrability is shown and the control inputs providing motion of the ball along a given trajectory on the plane are found. For some simple trajectories explicit tracking algorithms are proposed.

We consider the problem of the motion of axisymmetric vortex rings in an ideal incompressible fluid. Using the topological approach, we present a method for complete qualitative analysis of the dynamics of a system of two vortex rings. In particular, we completely solve the problem of describing the conditions for the onset of leapfrogging motion of vortex rings. In addition, for the system of two vortex rings we find new families of motions in which the mutual distances remain finite (we call them pseudo-leapfrogging). We also find solutions for the problem of three vortex rings, which describe both the regular and chaotic leapfrogging motion of vortex rings.

We consider the problem of rolling of a ball with an ellipsoidal cavity filled with an ideal fluid, which executes a uniform vortex motion, on an absolutely rough plane. We point out the case of existence of an invariant measure and show that there is a particular case of integrability under conditions of axial symmetry.

In this paper we develop a new model of non-holonomic billiard that accounts for the intrinsic rotation of the billiard ball. This model is a limit case of the problem of rolling without slipping of a ball without slipping over a quadric surface. The billiards between two parallel walls and inside a circle are studied in detail. Using the three-dimensional-point-map technique, the non-integrability of the non-holonomic billiard within an ellipse is shown.

We consider a novel mechanical system consisting of two spherical bodies rolling over each other, which is a natural extension of the famous Chaplygin problem of rolling motion of a ball on a plane. In contrast to the previously explored non-holonomic systems, this one has a higher dimension and is considerably more complicated. One remarkable property of our system is the existence of "clandestine" linear in momenta first integrals. For a more trivial integrable system, their counterparts were discovered by Chaplygin. We have also found a few cases of integrability.

The problem of Hamiltonization of nonholonomic systems, both integrable and non-integrable, is considered. This question is important in the qualitative analysis of such systems and it enables one to determine possible dynamical effects. The first part of the paper is devoted to representing integrable systems in a conformally Hamiltonian form. In the second part, the existence of a conformally Hamiltonian representation in a neighborhood of a periodic solution is proved for an arbitrary (including integrable) system preserving an invariant measure. Throughout the paper, general constructions are illustrated by examples in nonholonomic mechanics.

The Hamiltonian representation and integrability of the nonholonomic Suslov problem and its generalization suggested by S. A. Chaplygin are considered. This subject is important for understanding the qualitative features of the dynamics of this system, being in particular related to a nontrivial asymptotic behavior (i. e., to a certain scattering problem). A general approach based on studying a hierarchy in the dynamical behavior of nonholonomic systems is developed.

We consider a nonholonomic model of the dynamics of an omni-wheel vehicle on a plane and a sphere. An elementary derivation of equations is presented, the dynamics of a free system is investigated, a relation to control problems is shown.

The paper is concerned with the use of bifurcation analysis and the Conley index in Hamiltonian dynamical systems. We give the proof of the theorem on the appearance (disappearance) of fixed points in the case of the Morse index change. New relative equilibria in the problem of the motion of point vortices of equal intensity in a circle are found.

The paper considers two new integrable systems due to Chaplygin, which describe the rolling of a spherical shell on a plane, with a ball or Lagrange’s gyroscope inside. All necessary first integrals and an invariant measure are found. The reduction to quadratures is given.

This paper has been written for a collection of V.A. Steklov’s selected works, which is being prepared for publication and is entitled «Works on Mechanics 1902–1909: Translations from French». The collection is based on V.A. Steklov’s papers on mechanics published in French journals from 1902 to 1909.

We consider the problem of explicit integration and bifurcation analysis for two systems of nonholonomic mechanics. The first one is the Chaplygin’s problem on no-slip rolling of a balanced dynamically non-symmetrical ball on a horizontal plane. The second problem is on the motion of rigid body in a spherical support. We explicitly integrate this problem by generalizing the transformation which Chaplygin applied to the integration of the problem of the rolling ball at a non-zero constant of areas. We consider the geometric interpretation of this transformation from the viewpoint of a trajectory isomorphism between two systems at different levels of the energy integral. Generalization of this transformation for the case of dynamics in a spherical support allows us to integrate the equations of motion explicitly in quadratures and, in addition, to indicate periodic solutions and analyze their stability. We also show that adding a gyrostat does not lead to the loss of integrability.

This paper presents a topological approach to the search and stability analysis of relative equilibria of three point vortices of equal intensities. It is shown that the equations of motion can be reduced by one degree of freedom. We have found two new stationary configurations (isosceles and non-symmetrical collinear) and studied their bifurcations and stability.

In this paper a general topological approach is proposed for the study of stability of periodic solutions of integrable dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom. The methods developed are illustrated by examples of several integrable problems related to the classical Euler–Poisson equations, the motion of a rigid body in a fluid, and the dynamics of gaseous expanding ellipsoids. These topological methods also enable one to find non-degenerate periodic solutions of integrable systems, which is especially topical in those cases where no general solution (for example, by separation of variables) is known.

The paper is concerned with a class of problems which involves the dynamical interaction of a rigid body with point vortices on the surface of a two-dimensional sphere. The general approach to the 2D hydrodynamics is further developed. The problem of motion of a dynamically symmetric circular body interacting with a single vortex is shown to be integrable. Mass vortices on $S^2$ are introduced and the related issues (such as equations of motion, integrability, partial solutions, etc.) are discussed. This paper is a natural progression of the author’s previous research on interaction of rigid bodies and point vortices in a plane.

We consider a novel mechanical system consisting of two spherical bodies rolling over each other, which is a natural extension of the famous Chaplygin problem of rolling motion of a ball on a plane. In contrast to the previously explored non-holonomic systems, this one has a higher dimension and is considerably more complicated. One remarkable property of our system is the existence of «clandestine» linear in momenta first integrals. For a more trivial integrable system, their counterparts were discovered by Chaplygin. We have also found a few cases of integrability.

Hamiltonisation problem for non-holonomic systems, both integrable and non-integrable, is considered. This question is important for qualitative analysis of such systems and allows one to determine possible dynamical effects. The first part is devoted to the representation of integrable systems in a conformally Hamiltonian form. In the second part, the existence of a conformally Hamiltonian representation in a neighbourhood of a periodic solution is proved for an arbitrary measure preserving system (including integrable). General consructions are always illustrated by examples from non-holonomic mechanics.

We consider figures of equilibrium and stability of a liquid self-gravitating elliptic cylinder. The flow within the cylinder is assumed to be dew to an elliptic perturbation. A bifurcation diagram is plotted and conditions for steady solutions to exist are indicated.

A new concept of dynamic advection is introduced. The model of dynamic advection deals with the motion of massive particles in a 2D flow of an ideal incompressible liquid. Unlike the standard advection problem, which is widely treated in the modern literature, our equations of motion account not only for particles’ kinematics, governed by the Euler equations, but also for their dynamics (which is obviously neglected if the mass of particles is taken to be zero). A few simple model problems are considered.

In this paper we develop a new model of non-holonomic billiard that accounts for the intrinsic rotation of the billiard ball. This model is a limit case of the problem of rolling without slipping of a ball without slipping over a quadric surface. The billiards between two parallel walls and inside a circle are studied in detail. Using the three-dimensional-point-map technique, the non-integrability of the non-holonomic billiard within an ellipse is shown.

We consider the problems of Hamiltonian representation and integrability of the nonholonomic Suslov system and its generalization suggested by S. A. Chaplygin. These aspects are very important for understanding the dynamics and qualitative analysis of the system. In particular, they are related to the nontrivial asymptotic behaviour (i. e. to some scattering problem). The paper presents a general approach based on the study of the hierarchy of dynamical behaviour of nonholonomic systems.

The paper deals with the problem of motion of a wheeled carriage on a plane in the case where one of the wheeled pairs is fixed. In addition, the case of motion of a wheeled carriage on a plane in the case of two free wheeled pairs is considered.

The problem of the motion of a Chaplygin sleigh on horizontal and inclined surfaces is considered. The possibility of representing the equations of motion in Hamiltonian form and of integration using Liouville’s theorem (with a redundant algebra of integrals) is investigated. The asymptotics for the rectilinear uniformly accelerated sliding of a sleigh along the line of steepest descent are determined in the case of an inclined plane. The zones in the plane of the initial conditions, corresponding to a different behaviour of the sleigh, are constructed using numerical calculations. The boundaries of these domains are of a complex fractal nature, which enables a conclusion to be drawn concerning the probable character from of the dynamic behaviour.

We consider the motion of a material point on the surface of a sphere in the field of $2n + 1$ identical Hooke centers (singularities with elastic potential) lying on a great circle. Our main result is that this system is superintegrable. The property of superintegrability for this system has been conjectured by us in [1], where the structure of a superintegral of arbitrarily high odd degree in momemnta was outlined. We also indicate an isomorphism between this system and the one-dimensional $N$-particle system discussed in the recent paper [2] and show that for the latter system an analogous superintegral can be constructed.

We consider several well-known isomorphisms between Jacobi’s geodesic problem and some integrable cases from rigid body dynamics (the cases of Clebsch and Brun). A relationship between these isomorphisms is indicated. The problem of compactification for geodesic flows on noncompact surfaces is stated. This problem is hypothesized to be intimately connected with the property of integrability.

The dynamics of self-gravitating liquid and gas ellipsoids is considered. A literary survey and authors’ original results obtained using modern techniques of nonlinear dynamics are presented. Strict Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the equations of motion are given; in particular, a Hamiltonian formalism based on Lie algebras is described. Problems related to nonintegrability and chaos are formulated and analyzed. All the known integrability cases are classified, and the most natural hypotheses on the nonintegrability of the equations of motion in the general case are presented. The results of numerical simulations are described. They, on the one hand, demonstrate a chaotic behavior of the system and, on the other hand, can in many cases serve as a numerical proof of the nonintegrability (the method of transversally intersecting separatrices).

Systems of material points interacting both with one another and with an external field are considered in Euclidean space. For the case of arbitrary binary interaction depending solely on the mutual distance between the bodies, new integrals are found, which form a Galilean momentum vector. A corresponding algebra of integrals constituted by the integrals of momentum, angular momentum, and Galilean momentum is presented. Particle systems with a particle­interaction potential homogeneous of degree $\alpha = –2$ are considered. The most general form of the additional integral of motion, which we term the Jacobi integral, is presented for such systems. A new nonlinear algebra of integrals including the Jacobi integral is found. A systematic description is given to a new reduction procedure and possibilities of applying it to dynamics with the aim of lowering the order of Hamiltonian systems.
Some new integrable and superintegrable systems generalizing the classical ones are also described. Certain generalizations of the Lagrangian identity for systems with a particle­ interaction potential homogeneous of degree $\alpha = –2$ are presented. In addition, computational experiments are used to prove the nonintegrability of the Jacobi problem on a plane.

We consider the motion of a material point on the surface of a sphere in the field of 2n+1 identical Hooke centers (singularities with elastic potential) lying on a great circle. Our main result is that this system is superintegrable. The property of superintegrability for this system has been conjectured by us in [3], where the structure of a superintegral of arbitrarily high odd degree in momemnta was outlined. We also indicate an isomorphism between this system and the one-dimensional N-particle system discussed in the recent paper [13] and show that for the latter system an analogous superintegral can be constructed.

The paper is concerned with a class of problems which involves the dynamical interaction of a rigid body with point vortices on the surface of a two-dimensional sphere. The general approach to the 2D hydrodynamics is further developed. The problem of motion of a dynamically symmetric circular body interacting with a single vortex is shown to be integrable. Mass vortices on $S^2$ are introduced and the related issues (such as equations of motion, integrability, partial solutions, etc.) are discussed. This paper is a natural progression of the author’s previous research on interaction of rigid bodies and point vortices in a plane.

We consider several well-known isomorphisms between Jacobi’s geodesic problem and some integrable cases from rigid body dynamics (the cases of Clebsch and Brun). A relationship between these isomorphisms is indicated. The problem of compactification for geodesic flows on noncompact surfaces is stated. This problem is hypothesized to be intimately connected with the property of integrability.

Systems of material points interacting both with one another and with an external field are considered in Euclidean space. For the case of arbitrary binary interaction depending solely on the mutual distance between the bodies, new integrals are found, which form a Galilean momentum vector.

A corresponding algebra of integrals constituted by the integrals of momentum, angular momentum, and Galilean momentum is presented. Particle systems with a particle-interaction potential homogeneous of degree $α=-2$ are considered. The most general form of the additional integral of motion, which we term the Jacobi integral, is presented for such systems. A new nonlinear algebra of integrals including the Jacobi integral is found. A systematic description is given to a new reduction procedure and possibilities of applying it to dynamics with the aim of lowering the order of Hamiltonian systems.

Some new integrable and superintegrable systems generalizing the classical ones are also described. Certain generalizations of the Lagrangian identity for systems with a particle-interaction potential homogeneous of degree $α=-2$ are presented. In addition, computational experiments are used to prove the nonintegrability of the Jacobi problem on a plane.

We consider a nonholonomic system describing the rolling of a dynamically nonsymmetric sphere over a fixed sphere without slipping. The system generalizes the classical nonholonomic Chaplygin sphere problem and it is shown to be integrable for one special ratio of radii of the spheres. After a time reparameterization the system becomes a Hamiltonian one and admits a separation of variables and reduction to Abel–Jacobi quadratures. The separating variables that we found appear to be a non-trivial generalization of ellipsoidal (spheroconic) coordinates on the Poisson sphere, which can be useful in other integrable problems.
Using the quadratures we also perform an explicit integration of the problem in theta-functions of the new time.

This paper can be regarded as a continuation of our previous work [1, 2] on the hierarchy of the dynamical behavior of nonholonomic systems. We consider different mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints; in particular, we examine the existence of tensor invariants (laws of conservation) and their connection with the behavior of a system. Considerable attention is given to the possibility of conformally Hamiltonian representation of the equations of motion, which is mainly used for the integration of the considered systems.

We have discovered a new first integral in the problem of motion of a dynamically symmetric ball, subject to gravity, on the surface of a paraboloid. Using this integral, we have obtained conditions for stability (in the Lyapunov sense) of steady rotations of the ball at the upmost, downmost and saddle point.

In this paper, we consider the transition to chaos in the phase portrait of a restricted problem of rotation of a rigid body with a fixed point. Two interrelated mechanisms responsible for chaotization are indicated: (1) the growth of the homoclinic structure and (2) the development of cascades of period doubling bifurcations. On the zero level of the area integral, an adiabatic behavior of the system (as the energy tends to zero) is noted. Meander tori induced by the break of the torsion property of the mapping are found.

For the classical problem of motion of a rigid body about a fixed point with zero area integral, we present a family of solutions that are periodic in the absolute space. Such solutions are known as choreographies. The family includes the well-known Delone solutions (for the Kovalevskaya case), some particular solutions for the Goryachev–Chaplygin case, and the Steklov solution. The "genealogy" of solutions of the family naturally appearing from the energy continuation and their connection with the Staude rotations are considered. It is shown that if the integral of areas is zero, the solutions are periodic with respect to a coordinate frame that rotates uniformly about the vertical (relative choreographies).

The paper develops further the algebraic-reduction method for $SO(4)$-symmetric systems on the three-dimensional sphere. Canonical variables for the reduced system are constructed both on two-dimensional and three-dimensional spheres. The method is illustrated by applying it to the two-body problem on a sphere (the bodies are assumed to interact with a potential that depends only on the geodesic distance between them) and the three-vortex problem on a two-dimensional sphere.

The paper contains the review and original results on the dynamics of liquid and gas self-gravitating ellipsoids. Equations of motion are given in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian form, in particular, the Hamiltonian formalism on Lie algebras is presented. Problems of nonintegrability and chaotical behavior of the system are formulated and studied. We also classify all known integrable cases and give some hypotheses about nonintegrability in the general case. Results of numerical modelling are presented, which can be considered as a computer proof of nonintegrability.

This paper can be regarded as a continuation of our previous work [70,71] on the hierarchy of the dynamical behavior of nonholonomic systems. We consider different mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints; in particular, we examine the existence of tensor invariants (laws of conservation) and their connection with the behavior of a system. Considerable attention is given to the possibility of conformally Hamiltonian representation of the equations of motion, which is mainly used for the integration of the considered systems.

The motion of two vortex rings on a sphere is considered. This motion generalizes the well-known centrally symmetrical solution of the equations of point vortex dynamics on a plane derived by D.N. Goryachev, N.S. Vasiliev and H. Aref. The equations of motion in this case are shown to be Liouville integrable, and an explicit reduction to a Hamiltonian system with one degree of freedom is described. Two particular cases in which the solutions are periodical are presented. Explicit quadratures are given for these solutions. Phase portraits are described and bifurcation diagrams are shown for centrally symmetrical motion of four vortices on a sphere.

The dynamics of an antipodal vortex on a sphere (a point vortex plus its antipode with opposite circulation) is considered. It is shown that the system of n antipodal vortices can be reduced by four dimensions (two degrees of freedom). The cases $n = 2, 3$ are explored in greater detail both analytically and numerically. We discuss Thomson, collinear and isosceles configurations of antipodal vortices and study their bifurcations.

We consider some questions connected with the Hamiltonian form of two problems of nonholonomic mechanics, namely the Chaplygin ball problem and the Veselova problem. For these problems we find representations in the form of the generalized Chaplygin systems that can be integrated by the reducing multiplier method. We give a concrete algebraic form of the Poisson brackets which, together with an appropriate change of time, enable us to write down the equations of motion of the problems under study. Some generalization of these problems are considered and new ways of implementation of nonholonomic constraints are proposed. We list a series of nonholonomic systems possessing an invariant measure and sufficiently many first integrals for which the question about the Hamiltonian form remains open even after change of time. We prove a theorem on isomorphism of the dynamics of the Chaplygin ball and the motion of a body in a fluid in the Clebsch case.

We consider two problems from the rigid body dynamics and use new methods of stability and asymptotic behavior analysis for their solution. The first problem deals with motion of a rigid body in an unbounded volume of ideal fluid with zero vorticity. The second problem, having similar asymptotic behavior, is concerned with motion of a sleigh on an inclined plane. The equations of motion for the second problem are non-holonomic and exhibit some new features not typical for Hamiltonian systems. A comprehensive survey of references is given and new problems connected with falling motion of heavy bodies in fluid are proposed.

Consider the problem of rolling a dynamically asymmetric balanced ball (the Chaplygin ball) over a sphere. Suppose that the contact point has zero velocity and the projection of the angular velocity to the normal vector of the sphere equals zero. This model of rolling differs from the classical one. It can be realized, in some approximation, if the ball is rubber coated and the sphere is absolutely rough. Recently, J. Koiller and K. Ehlers pointed out the measure and the Hamiltonian structure for this problem. Using this structure we construct an isomorphism between this problem and the problem of the motion of a point on a sphere in some potential field. The integrable cases are found.